Q. create an html5 page which will display the names of India's President and their work period since our independence on separate lines in different colors. State color of each line in its text.
HTML Code
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>India's President</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<BIG><CENTER>India's President</BIG><BR>
<font size="5" FACE="arial" color="red">Dr. Shanker Dayal(1990-1995)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="blue">Dr.k.Narayan(1995-2001)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="yellow">Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam(2001-2005)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="orange">Dr. Sarwapalli RadhaKrishnan(2005-2010)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="green">Dr. Pratibha Patil(2010-2015)</font><BR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Output:
HTML Code
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>India's President</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<BIG><CENTER>India's President</BIG><BR>
<font size="5" FACE="arial" color="red">Dr. Shanker Dayal(1990-1995)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="blue">Dr.k.Narayan(1995-2001)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="yellow">Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam(2001-2005)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="orange">Dr. Sarwapalli RadhaKrishnan(2005-2010)</font><BR>
<font size="5" face="arial" color="green">Dr. Pratibha Patil(2010-2015)</font><BR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Output:
4 Comments
PRACTICAL 4
ReplyDeleteSTATIC ROUTING BETWEEN MULTIPLE NETWORKS
WHAT YOU WILL COMPLETE
Connect two separate LANs through two routers. Configure a route manually on each router so PC0 can communicate with PC1.
1. DEVICES YOU NEED
- Two Cisco 1941 routers (R1 and R2).
- Two PCs (PC0 and PC1).
- Two Copper Cross-Over cables for direct PC-to-router Ethernet connections.
- One Serial DCE cable to connect the routers.
- One HWIC-2T serial module for each 1941 router if serial ports are not already present and the module is supported by the router model.
3. PLACE DEVICES
1. Open Packet Tracer > File > New.
2. Choose Network Devices > Routers. Place two 1941 routers.
3. Choose End Devices > PC. Place two PCs.
4. Arrange them in this order: PC0 - R1 - R2 - PC1.
5. Click each router and use Config or Display Name to label them R1 and R2 if necessary.
4. CHECK AND INSTALL SERIAL MODULES IF REQUIRED
1. Click R1 > Physical.
2. Look for serial interfaces. If Serial0/0/0 is already listed, do not add a module.
3. If no serial interface is available, turn the router power OFF in the Physical tab.
4. Find a compatible HWIC-2T module, if offered for this router. Drag it into an empty supported slot.
5. Turn the router power ON and wait for it to start.
6. Repeat for R2.
7. Open the router CLI or Config tab and confirm Serial0/0/0 is available.
If HWIC-2T is not shown or will not fit, use a Packet Tracer router model that provides serial ports. Do not force a module into an incompatible slot.
5. CONNECT THE DEVICES
A. PC0 to R1:
3. Click PC0 > FastEthernet0.
4. Click R1 > GigabitEthernet0/0.
B. R1 to R2:
1. Choose Serial DCE from Connections.
2. Click R1 > Serial0/0/0.
3. Click R2 > Serial0/0/0.
C. R2 to PC1:
2. Click R2 > GigabitEthernet0/0.
3. Click PC1 > FastEthernet0.
The serial link may be red until the router interfaces are configured and enabled.
6. CONFIGURE PC0
Click PC0 > Desktop > IP Configuration > Static.
IP Address: 192.168.1.2
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1
Close the window.
7. CONFIGURE PC1
Click PC1 > Desktop > IP Configuration > Static.
IP Address: 192.168.2.2
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.168.2.1
Close the window.
8. CONFIGURE ROUTER R1
Click R1 > CLI. If asked about the initial configuration dialog, type no and press Enter. Press Enter again to reach Router>. Enter these lines in order:
enable
configure terminal
hostname R1
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
exit
interface serial 0/0/0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
exit
ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
end
write memory
CLOCK RATE: The serial cable has a DCE end and a DTE end. The clock rate command is required on the DCE end only. Find which end is DCE by selecting the serial cable or checking the interface details. On the router that is DCE, enter:
configure terminal
interface serial 0/0/0
clock rate 64000
no shutdown
end
If R1 is DCE, enter these clock commands on R1. If R2 is DCE, enter them on R2 instead. Do not enter clock rate on both ends.
9. CONFIGURE ROUTER R2
Click R2 > CLI. Enter:
enable
configure terminal
hostname R2
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
exit
interface serial 0/0/0
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
exit
ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
end
write memory
10. VERIFY AND TEST
On R1 CLI:
show ip interface brief
Both connected interfaces should be up/up.
On R1 CLI:
show ip route
Find the route to 192.168.2.0/24 marked with S. S means static.
On PC0 > Desktop > Command Prompt:
ping 192.168.2.2
tracert 192.168.2.2
A successful ping shows replies from 192.168.2.2. The trace should show the route through the routers.
RESULT
Static routes were configured on both routers. The routing tables were checked and PC0 was used to test communication with PC1 on the other network.
PRACTICAL 5
ReplyDeleteDYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS - RIP AND OSPF
WHAT YOU WILL COMPLETE
Build two LANs connected by two routers. First configure RIP version 2, check that routes are learned automatically, then replace RIP with OSPF and compare the two protocols.
1. DEVICES YOU NEED
- Two Cisco 1941 routers: R1 and R2.
- Two PCs: PC0 and PC1.
- Two Copper Cross-Over cables for direct PC-to-router connections.
- One Serial DCE cable.
- A compatible HWIC-2T module in each router if serial ports are missing and the module is supported.
3. BUILD AND CONNECT THE TOPOLOGY
1. Open Packet Tracer > File > New.
2. Place two 1941 routers and two PCs.
3. If serial ports are missing, install compatible serial modules while the routers are powered OFF. Turn them ON again.
4. Connect PC0 FastEthernet0 to R1 GigabitEthernet0/0 using Copper Cross-Over.
5. Connect R1 Serial0/0/0 to R2 Serial0/0/0 using Serial DCE.
6. Connect R2 GigabitEthernet0/0 to PC1 FastEthernet0 using Copper Cross-Over.
7. If your actual port names differ, use the equivalent available GigabitEthernet and Serial ports and use those same names in the commands.
4. CONFIGURE THE PCs
PC0 > Desktop > IP Configuration > Static:
IP 192.168.1.2
Mask 255.255.255.0
Gateway 192.168.1.1
PC1 > Desktop > IP Configuration > Static:
IP 192.168.2.2
Mask 255.255.255.0
Gateway 192.168.2.1
5. CONFIGURE ROUTER R1 INTERFACES
Click R1 > CLI. Decline the initial setup dialog with no if it appears, then press Enter. Type:
enable
configure terminal
hostname R1
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
exit
interface serial 0/0/0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
exit
end
6. CONFIGURE ROUTER R2 INTERFACES
Click R2 > CLI and type:
enable
configure terminal
hostname R2
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
exit
interface serial 0/0/0
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
no shutdown
exit
end
CLOCK RATE: Set clock rate 64000 on the DCE end of the serial cable only. On the DCE router, enter configure terminal, interface serial 0/0/0, clock rate 64000, no shutdown, end.
7. CONFIGURE RIP VERSION 2
On R1, enter:
configure terminal
router rip
version 2
network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0
no auto-summary
end
On R2, enter:
configure terminal
router rip
version 2
network 192.168.2.0
network 10.0.0.0
no auto-summary
end
8. TEST RIP
On both routers, run:
show ip route
show ip protocols
On R1, the remote 192.168.2.0 network should appear as a route learned through RIP, marked R.
On PC0 > Desktop > Command Prompt, run:
ping 192.168.2.2
The ping should receive replies.
9. REMOVE RIP BEFORE TESTING OSPF
To compare the protocols cleanly, remove RIP from each router.
On R1:
configure terminal
no router rip
end
On R2:
configure terminal
no router rip
end
10. CONFIGURE OSPF
On R1:
configure terminal
router ospf 1
network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
end
On R2:
configure terminal
router ospf 1
network 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
end
11. TEST OSPF
On both routers, run:
show ip route
show ip protocols
show ip ospf neighbor
The remote LAN route should appear with O in the routing table. O means OSPF. The neighbor command should show the other router after OSPF adjacency forms.
On PC0, run:
ping 192.168.2.2
12. COMPARE RIP AND OSPF
RIP: distance-vector protocol; uses hop count; maximum usable hop count is 15; administrative distance 120; generally suited to smaller networks.
OSPF: link-state protocol; uses cost based on bandwidth; administrative distance 110; generally converges faster and scales to larger networks.
RESULT
RIP version 2 and OSPF were configured and tested. Routes were learned dynamically, and their routing information and characteristics were compared.
QUICK VIVA
Q: What is dynamic routing? A: Routers learn routes using a routing protocol.
Q: What is RIP's metric? A: Hop count.
Q: What is RIP's maximum usable hop count? A: 15.
Q: What is OSPF's type? A: Link-state routing protocol.
COMPUTER NETWORKING SKILL DEVELOPMENT - PRACTICAL 6
ReplyDeleteLAYER-2 SWITCHING: VLAN, TRUNKING AND INTER-VLAN ROUTING
WHAT YOU WILL COMPLETE
Create two VLANs on one switch. Put two PCs in each VLAN. Connect the switch to a router using a trunk link, then configure router-on-a-stick so the two VLANs can communicate.
1. DEVICES YOU NEED
- One Cisco 2960 switch.
- One Cisco 1941 router.
- Four PCs: PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4.
- Five Copper Straight-Through cables.
2. VLAN AND IP ADDRESS PLAN
VLAN 10 is named Sales. Network: 192.168.10.0/24. Gateway: 192.168.10.1.
PC1: 192.168.10.2; PC2: 192.168.10.3.
VLAN 20 is named HR. Network: 192.168.20.0/24. Gateway: 192.168.20.1.
PC3: 192.168.20.2; PC4: 192.168.20.3.
Subnet mask for all PCs: 255.255.255.0.
3. PLACE THE DEVICES
1. Open Packet Tracer > File > New.
2. Place one 2960 switch and one 1941 router.
3. Place four PCs.
4. Arrange PC1 and PC2 near the switch on one side; PC3 and PC4 on the other side. Place the router above the switch.
4. CONNECT THE DEVICES
Choose Connections > Copper Straight-Through.
PC1 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/1.
PC2 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/2.
PC3 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/3.
PC4 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/4.
Switch Fa0/24 to Router GigabitEthernet0/0.
Wait for link lights to become green.
5. CONFIGURE EACH PC
For each PC, click Desktop > IP Configuration > Static.
PC1: IP 192.168.10.2 | Mask 255.255.255.0 | Gateway 192.168.10.1
PC2: IP 192.168.10.3 | Mask 255.255.255.0 | Gateway 192.168.10.1
PC3: IP 192.168.20.2 | Mask 255.255.255.0 | Gateway 192.168.20.1
PC4: IP 192.168.20.3 | Mask 255.255.255.0 | Gateway 192.168.20.1
Close each PC window.
6. CREATE THE VLANs AND ASSIGN SWITCH PORTS
Click Switch0 > CLI. If asked for initial setup, type no and press Enter. Then enter:
enable
configure terminal
vlan 10
name Sales
exit
vlan 20
name HR
exit
Assign Fa0/1 and Fa0/2 to VLAN 10:
interface range fastEthernet 0/1-2
switchport mode access
switchport access vlan 10
exit
Assign Fa0/3 and Fa0/4 to VLAN 20:
interface range fastEthernet 0/3-4
switchport mode access
switchport access vlan 20
exit
Make the router link a trunk:
interface fastEthernet 0/24
switchport mode trunk
end
Check VLAN membership:
show vlan brief
You should see Fa0/1 and Fa0/2 under VLAN 10, and Fa0/3 and Fa0/4 under VLAN 20.
7. CONFIGURE THE ROUTER-ON-A-STICK LINK
Click Router0 > CLI. Decline the initial dialog with no if asked, then press Enter. Type:
enable
configure terminal
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
no shutdown
exit
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0.10
encapsulation dot1Q 10
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
exit
interface gigabitEthernet 0/0.20
encapsulation dot1Q 20
ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
exit
end
The router uses one physical Ethernet port but two logical subinterfaces. VLAN 10 traffic uses subinterface .10; VLAN 20 traffic uses .20.
8. TEST COMMUNICATION
From PC1 > Desktop > Command Prompt, run:
ping 192.168.10.3
This tests communication between PCs in VLAN 10.
Then run:
ping 192.168.20.2
This tests communication from VLAN 10 to VLAN 20 through the router.
On the switch, check:
show vlan brief
show interfaces trunk
On the router, check:
show ip interface brief
9. WHAT SHOULD HAPPEN
PC1 and PC2 are in VLAN 10. PC3 and PC4 are in VLAN 20. PCs in different VLANs are separated at Layer 2. After the router subinterfaces are configured, the router can route traffic between VLANs.
RESULT
VLAN 10 and VLAN 20 were created, switch ports were assigned, the router link was configured as a trunk, and inter-VLAN communication was tested.
QUICK VIVA
Q: What is a VLAN? A: A logical separation of devices on a switch.
Q: What is trunking? A: Carrying traffic for multiple VLANs over one link.
Q: What is an access port? A: A switch port assigned to one VLAN.
Q: What is router-on-a-stick? A: Inter-VLAN routing using router subinterfaces on one physical link.
Q: What does encapsulation dot1Q 10 do? A: Identifies frames belonging to VLAN 10 on the trunk.
PRACTICAL 7
ReplyDeleteNETWORK SERVICES - DHCP AND DNS
WHAT YOU WILL COMPLETE
Use one Packet Tracer server to automatically give IP addresses to three PCs using DHCP. Configure DNS so the name www.college.com resolves to the server's IP address.
1. DEVICES YOU NEED
- One Cisco 2960 switch.
- One Server-PT device.
- Three PCs.
- Four Copper Straight-Through cables.
The journal's topology has one switch, one server and three PCs. No router is needed for the DHCP and DNS tests within this one LAN. The default gateway value below is included in the DHCP pool as required by the journal, but it will not respond unless a router is added to the topology.
2. ADDRESS PLAN
Server static IP: 192.168.1.10
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Default gateway field: 192.168.1.1
DNS server field: 192.168.1.10
DHCP pool name: LAN-POOL
DHCP starting address: 192.168.1.50
Maximum users: 50
DNS name: www.college.com
DNS address: 192.168.1.10
3. PLACE THE DEVICES
1. Open Packet Tracer > File > New.
2. Place one 2960 switch.
3. From End Devices, place one Server and three PCs.
4. Arrange the server above the switch and the three PCs below it.
4. CONNECT THE DEVICES
Choose Connections > Copper Straight-Through.
Server FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/1.
PC0 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/2.
PC1 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/3.
PC2 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/4.
Wait for the link lights to turn green.
5. GIVE THE SERVER A STATIC IP ADDRESS
1. Click Server0.
2. Click Desktop > IP Configuration.
3. Select Static.
4. Enter:
IP Address: 192.168.1.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1
DNS Server: 192.168.1.10
5. Close the IP Configuration window.
6. TURN ON AND CONFIGURE DHCP
1. Click Server0 > Services > DHCP.
2. Set DHCP service to On.
3. Enter the pool details:
Pool Name: LAN-POOL
Default Gateway: 192.168.1.1
DNS Server: 192.168.1.10
Start IP Address: 192.168.1.50
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Maximum Number of Users: 50
4. Click Add or Save, depending on the Packet Tracer version. Check that LAN-POOL appears in the pool list.
7. TURN ON AND CONFIGURE DNS
1. On Server0, open Services > DNS.
2. Set DNS service to On.
3. In the DNS record area, enter:
Name: www.college.com
Type: A Record
Address: 192.168.1.10
4. Click Add.
5. Check that the record appears in the DNS list.
8. SET EACH PC TO GET ITS IP AUTOMATICALLY
For PC0, PC1 and PC2:
1. Click the PC.
2. Open Desktop > IP Configuration.
3. Click DHCP.
4. Wait for the PC to receive an address.
5. Check that the address is in the 192.168.1.50 range and that the mask is 255.255.255.0. The DNS server should be 192.168.1.10.
Repeat for all three PCs.
9. TEST DHCP AND DNS
On a PC, open Desktop > Command Prompt and run:
ipconfig
This displays the address received from DHCP.
Then run:
ping 192.168.1.10
This tests connection to the server.
Then run:
ping www.college.com
This tests whether the name resolves to 192.168.1.10 and whether the server can be reached.
Then run:
nslookup www.college.com
This asks the DNS server to resolve the name. The answer should be 192.168.1.10.
10. IF IT DOES NOT WORK
1. Check the server's static IP is 192.168.1.10/24.
2. Check DHCP service is On and LAN-POOL was added/saved.
3. Check DNS service is On and the A record was added.
4. Check the PC is set to DHCP, not Static.
5. If the PC did not receive an address, click DHCP again after checking the pool.
6. Make sure all devices are connected to the same switch.
11. SAVE
Save as Practical_7_DHCP_DNS.pkt.
RESULT
The server assigned IP addresses automatically to the PCs using DHCP. DNS resolved www.college.com to 192.168.1.10.
QUICK VIVA
Q: What is DHCP? A: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; it automatically assigns network settings.
Q: What is DNS? A: Domain Name System; it translates names into IP addresses.
Q: What is a DHCP pool? A: A range of addresses and settings available for clients.
Q: What is an A record? A: A DNS record that maps a name to an IPv4 address.
Q: Which command checks DNS resolution? A: nslookup.